Journal of Childhood & Developmental Disorders

Description

Horrible accidents vary in seriousness, span and importance and might be related with explicit profiles of posttraumatic stress side effects (PTSS) in youth. We may be able to develop effective, individualized interventions that prevent long-term consequences with a better understanding of the profiles of PTSS following exposure to various types of trauma. As indicated by the DSM-5, there are four groups of PTSS: indices of intrusion; avoiding both internal and external triggers of trauma; negative changes in mood, arousal, and reactivity as well as in cognitions The severity of PTSS as a whole has been linked to certain types of trauma. For instance, PTSS levels are higher in survivors of repeated interpersonal traumas than in survivors of single-event traumas. In a similar vein, it has been discovered that sexual trauma is associated with higher levels of PTSS than is non-sexual domestic or community violence. However, differences in the symptom profiles associated with the characteristics of each type of trauma may be obscured by such broad classifications. In the intrusion and hyperarousal clusters, for instance, higher levels of symptoms were found to be associated with non-sexual domestic and community trauma as well as car accidents. Avoidance symptoms and negative mental and emotional shifts appear to be more prevalent in cases of sudden loss. In regards to sexual trauma, a number of studies have shown that each of the four clusters has higher levels of symptoms. These studies looked at how many symptoms each type of trauma had, but they didn't look at whether any one type of trauma had more of a particular set of symptoms. For instance, if sexual trauma is associated with higher levels of intrusion symptoms than domestic violence, this may be indicative of the generally higher levels of symptoms following sexual trauma rather than that intrusion symptoms are particularly prevalent following sexual trauma. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the levels of symptoms across and within each type of trauma in order to learn about the most prevalent symptoms.

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

We employ the predictive processing perspective in order to gain a better understanding of the reasons why distinct types of trauma are connected to distinct symptom profiles. As per this point of view, individuals use previous encounters to foresee future occasions with the best conceivable accuracy. People form hypotheses about the global threats on the basis of ambiguous evidence. For instance, in light of one's encounters with men, one could assess the speculation 'A few men are perilous' as more plausible than the contending speculation 'All men are risky'. Predictions that guide people's interactions with the world are called hypotheses. Wilkinson, Dodgson, and Meares argue, building on Terr's classification of childhood trauma into types 1 and 2, that the two types are linked to different information processing and different hypotheses or predictions about the world. Type 1 trauma is a single, potentially fatal event, like a car accident, whereas type 2 trauma occurs over a longer period of time (like domestic violence). In situations that are thought to be life-threatening (type 1), it is essential to pay attention to the cues and steer clear of similar ones in order to survive. As a result, these kinds of events can lead to hypotheses that have a high probability of being true, which is unusual and possibly not true at all. For instance, in the wake of encountering a solitary engine vehicle mishap, the speculation 'For the most part, I'm in peril when I'm in a vehicle' might be assessed as having a 80% likelihood of being valid and chosen over 'By and large, I'm not in peril when I'm in a vehicle' (20% valid), despite the fact that the fit with the general contribution from the climate is somewhat poor. Importantly, the less likely hypothesis cannot be applied to other threats. Hence, as per this hypothesis, being in an auto crash wouldn't prompt an overall speculation that 'The world is a hazardous spot'. Instead, the hypothesis is specific and related to cues that indicate danger (such as automobiles).

Difficulties from Childhood to Early Adolescence

However, type 2 trauma is characterized by repeated, prolonged experiences that may give the impression that the world is not kind or safe. This, from a predictive processing point of view, results in biased information processing toward threatening hypotheses rather than the very specific hypothesis associated with type 1 trauma. All hypotheses about oneself, others, and the world, for instance, may be skewed toward the negative after exposure to domestic violence. In many instances, domestic violence may result in the selection of the more threatening hypotheses: for instance, "Others cannot be trusted," "Bad things will always happen to me," and "I have no value." Symptoms of intrusion, avoidance, and changes in arousal and reactivity may follow specific hypotheses about potential risks connected to cues (associated with type 1 trauma). The symptomatology may be more general and more frequently involve negative changes in cognition and mood because generally biased information processing leads to many threatening hypotheses (associated with type 2 trauma). We wanted to find out if different types of trauma are linked to different profiles and networks of posttraumatic stress symptoms in young people in this study. There are three conclusions. First, it appears that the level of PTSS differs the most between different types of trauma. The mean levels of PTSS were highest for sexual trauma, domestic violence, and severe bullying or threats, while the mean levels of PTSS were lowest for community violence, non-interpersonal trauma, sudden loss, or serious illness. High-risk infants appear not to benefit from audiovisual prosodic and speech cues in the service of language acquisition, in contrast to low-risk infants, despite intact attention to these cues. We propose that a promising endophenotype in autism may be impaired processing of audiovisual cues, which may be the link between genetic risk factors and poor language outcomes across the autism risk spectrum.